1. Thyroid Disorders
Thyroid disorders, including thyroid nodules, goiters, and thyroid cancer, are common conditions
affecting the thyroid gland. Symptoms may include neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness,
and changes in voice. Treatment options range from medical management to surgical intervention, such
as thyroidectomy, to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.
2. Salivary Gland Disorders
Disorders of the salivary glands, including salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections
(sialadenitis), and tumors, can cause symptoms such as facial pain, swelling, dry mouth, and
difficulty eating. Treatment may involve conservative measures, such as hydration and massage, or
surgical procedures, such as salivary gland stone removal or parotidectomy for tumor excision.
3. Branchial Cleft Cysts and Fistulas
Branchial cleft cysts and fistulas are congenital abnormalities that arise from remnants of embryonic
tissues in the neck. These cysts and fistulas can present as painless neck masses or recurrent
infections. Surgical excision is often recommended to remove the cyst or fistula and prevent
recurrence.
4. Palate and Tongue Disorders
Conditions affecting the palate and tongue, such as cleft palate and macroglossia (enlarged tongue),
can impact speech, swallowing, and oral hygiene. Surgical procedures, such as palatoplasty to repair
cleft palate or tongue-based reduction to reduce tongue size, may be indicated to improve function
and aesthetics.